Africa

=Africa:=

** Essential Questions **:

Political change would cause conflict because people will fight for powers and some will try to keep the things they were. Political change would not be satisfied everyone. The development of nationalism will impact people to resist the foreign countries and empires that is not their kind. Nationalism will cause a great deal of conflicts. If two nations'political relationship is not well, they would stop trading with each other and it would have a huge impact to the economy. For example, US banned Cuban cigars.
 * **How can political change cause conflict**
 * **How does the development of nationalism impact people, nations, and empires?**
 * **How can political relationships affect economic relationships?**

Loyalty, honor of nation and benefit unite people as a nation. Tragedy, culture unite people as a nation. Freedom is a factor.
 * **What characteristics and factors unite people as a nation?**

Notes Imperialism of Africa:
 * China about overtakeing by Europea
 * England fail to trade with China
 * Opium
 * cut off opium
 * Scramble of Africa
 * European colonized Africa
 * Control the means of production
 * European fail to control Africa because of disease
 * Africa had swords and spares to defend themselves from England
 * European wiped out african with machine guns
 * European dominate Africa by wars
 * African resist European very hard
 * European usually control the local leaders to control the countries
 * African usually adopated European technology and able to resist
 * The reason European couldn't conquer Africa is because African have disease
 * Africa fight back hard
 * European went Africa because they have coal, oil, gold, and others natural resource that could help them with industrialization
 * European depended on intermediate of self-rule
 * European had became building empire since 1800s
 * African were killed by many European
 * They wanted make money from conquer
 * Slavery trade
 * Industrialism help European fight bloody
 * European missionary open hospital and school in colonies
 * oppress on African very hard
 * condition were so horrible people can't even dress
 * Only Liberia and Ethiopia were able resisted European, others were conquer by European

Map Question:

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1RupkzLLuaBywiLQZj58ksNQjAok3QcKS_GKaRZC_oSw/edit?usp=sharing

** Like a cyclone, imperialism spins across the globe; militarism crushes peoples, and sucks the blood like a vampire. **
 * By Karl Liebknecht **


 * Western imperialist used military forces to conquer and colonize places around the world, they took raw materials such as coals, metals, golds, diamonds, tea, coffee and so on. They took many things from the lands. **

Imperialism had military killing people for the natural resources. They took everything from the lands, all the raw materials and some case, people.

Mark Up of Scramble of Africa: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1-h48P9ZNAwkWU1J_vRtL57yaVQ8t6uIEKg64y7y2HeE/edit?usp=sharing

Picture Detective: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1bVnurbn6KsP2j4FWfGZaG2cufQBLV4pfhX-85qmW8hM/edit?usp=sharing

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1. According to Kipling, and in your own words, what was the “White Man’s Burden”? The "White Man's Burden" is the responsibility of teaching African people to be civilized . 2. What reward did Kipling suggest the “White Man” gets for carrying his “burden”? Kipling suggest that the "White Man" gets captivity profit after the African people civilized. "To serve your captive's need"

3. Who did Kipling think would read his poem? What do you think that this audience might have said in response to it? This poem would read by the European and American. The audience will be agree with what the poem says because they believed they were superior than African and they believed they are doing a favor to African.

4. What lines of the poem did you find the most interesting and why? "Half Devil and half child" is interesting because it suggested that African people is uncivilized and naive. European people believed that the African people are brutal but knows nothing.

Mark Up of the Berlin Conference: https://docs.google.com/document/d/11_Uzfhsa7UHF1j8yfKrrXbneYsWMt45zKLUsnlmSc80/edit?usp=sharing

"The Black Man's Burden" Poem
==== The message of the Black Man's burden is that the black man were treated poorly in Unite State homeland, this poem supported the people that affected by the imperialist and disgust with the imperialists. ====

Lines:

"Pile on the Black Man’s Burden His wail with laughter drown You’ve sealed the Red Man’s problem, And will take up the Brown"

5 words to describe the Berlin Conference:
 * equality
 * cooperation
 * territory
 * division
 * agreement
 * alienation
 * Separation
 * preside

// " Throughout history it has been the inaction of those who could have acted, the indifference //// of those who should have known better, the silence of the voice of justice when it mattered //// that has made it possible for evil to triumph." //** Haille Selassie, Ethiopian emperor, 1892-1975 ** Questions to consider ** : ** The author believed that imperialism was wrong but everybody was indifference about it. He had that perspective because he might witness the damages that the imperialist bring to his homeland. He wanted to gather support around the world and stop imperialist from doing more damage to his home. This quote relate to Africa because Africa was suffering very hard from the European imperialist but no one stop the European nor helping the African people. People were indifference about what was happening which it helps the imperialist to do future more damages.
 * Document 1:**
 * What is the perspective of the author? What events might have caused the author to think as he does?
 * Why might the author be making this statement?
 * How does the quote relate to Imperialism in Africa? Explain.
 * Document 2:**

// Gentlemen, we must speak more loudly and more honestly! We must say openly that indeed the higher races have a right over the lower races... // // I repeat, that the superior race races have a right because they have a duty. They have the duty to civilize inferior races...In the history of earlier centuries these duties gentlemen have been misunderstood; and certainly when the Spanish soldiers and explorers introduced slavery into Central America, they did not fulfill their duty as men of a higher race....But inour time, I maintain that European nations acquit themselves with generosity, with grandeur, and with sincerity of this superior civilizing duty. //
 * "On French Colonial Expansion" A Speech before the French Chamber of Deputies, March 28, 1884, by Jules Ferry (1832-1893): Ferry was twice prime minister of France, from (1880-1881, 1883-1885)**

// I say that French colonial policy, the policy of colonial expansion, the policy that has taken us under the Empire, that has led us to Tunisia, to Madagascar- I say this policy of colonial expansion was inspired by...the fact that a navy such as ours cannot do withtout safe harbors, defenses, supply centers on the high seas...Are you unaware of this? Look at the map of the world. //

The author of this piece of evidence is Jules Ferry, twice prime minister of France. He believed that they have the duty to civilize the African because the higher race should civiliize inferior races. He offers that they are the higher race and African as inferior races because they were slavery back in time. He wanted convinced people from Europe to support imperialism and join them as imperialist. There are people who are disagreeing with imperialism in Europe, it had block their ways to Africa, so he made this speech in order to gather supports. It tells me that European believed that they are superior race that they have better blood, for them, African could just be slavery, they believed the African should be glad for the European came in and rule them in order to civilize them. Which is crazy and absurd.
 * Who is the author of this piece of evidence? What is his viewpoint?
 * What justifications does he offer to support his viewpoint?
 * Why might he be giving this speech? What is the purpose of this speech?
 * What does the speech tell you about life and attitudes of that time?

"The Rhodes of Colossus: Striding from Cape Town to Cairo" Published in Punch, or the London Charivari, December 10, 1982.Artists: Linley Sambourne
 * Document 3:**

This cartoon is published in December 10th in 1982 in London. It makes people think that 1 man is owning and controlling Africa. The title means that Rhodes is controlling Africa just like he owns it. Because the author believed that Rhodes had a huge impacts and control on Africa. Cecil Rhodes is being depicted in this political cartoon. String that link from Cape Town to Cairo as Rhodes's border lines. The artist believed that Cecil Rhodes have a huge control and impacts of Africa. He is a colossus and his legs had across most part of Africa. In fact, he owns a company that marketed 90% of rough diamonds in one time.
 * Where and when was this political cartoon published? What impact might this have on its perspective and bias?
 * What meaning does the title give to the Illustration? Why might the author have chosen the words he did/ (colossus, striding, Cape Town and Cairo)
 * Who is being depicted in this political cartoon? (research cartoon) What objects do you see?
 * What is the artists viewpoint? What evidence from the political cartoon supports your claim?

Mark up of the letter: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1rztEQe5hTH1d8N1Kd8YbpWtUNd9mq4LxUms36kzwxWo/edit?usp=sharing The author is Mark X of Moshweshewe, the reason he wrote this letter is he wanted people to see the truth of the European. He wanted gather supports to against them. Boers are Dutch word for farmers, they are people that wanted to escape from the British rules and border wars between imperialist and tribes. The Boers will be rejected by African people after the people read the letter. I don't think the letter was successful in fulfilling its purpose, because in the letter, it said " In the commencement of the present year my people live near farmers received orders to remove their places" and "still we tried to keep all quiet, But the Boers went further and further day by day in troubling". These two quotes meaning that the Boers did not stop what they stop or be stopped, in fact the Boers gained more controls but the localer just "keep all quiet".
 * Document 4:**
 * Who is the author? Why is he writing the letter? What is the purpose?
 * The letter included the names of several individuals and groups. Who are these individuals and groups? How do they impact the meaning of the letter? (you will have to research names and groups as example Boers, Harry Smith....)
 * Do you think the letter was successful in fulfilling its purpose? Why or why not? Use evidence (quotes) from the letter to support your claim.


 * Document 5:**
 * Source: Ndansi Kumalo, African veteran of the Ndebele Rebellion against British advances in southern Africa, 1896. **

So we surrendered to the White people and were told to go back to our homes and live our usual lives and attend to our crops. We were treated like slaves. They came and were overbearing. We were ordered to carry their clothes and bundles. They harmed our wives and our daughters. How the rebellion started I do not know; there was no organization, it was like a fire that suddenly flames up. I had an old gun. They—the White men—fought us with big guns, machine guns, and rifles. Many of our people were killed in this fight: I saw four of my cousins shot. We made many charges but each time we were defeated.But for the White men’s machine guns, it would have been different.

They were treated as slaves, they had to be carry clothes and bundles for the imperialist. Their wives and daughters were harmed by the imperialist. They have to do whatever that the European told them to. The African rebellion was unsuccessful is because their weapons were so behind that the European could use 2 machine guns to wipe out 1 village. Another factor is because they aren't organized at all. Organized and well armed armies vs. unorganized and non-weaponized group, no matter how many times they tried they still will fail.
 * How were the the people of southern Africa treated by the imperialists?
 * Why was the African rebellion unsuccessful?


 * Document 6:**
 * Source: Mojimba, African chief, describing a battle in 1877 on the Congo River against British and African mercenaries, as told to a German Catholic missionary in 1907. **

And still those bangs went on; the long sticks spat fire, pieces of iron whistled around us,fell into the water with a hissing sound, and our brothers continued to fall. We ran into our village and they ran after us. We fled into the forest and flung ourselves on the ground. When we returned that evening our eyes beheld fearful things: our brothers, dead, bleeding, our village plundered and burned, and the river full of dead bodies.You call us wicked men, but you White men are much more wicked! You think because you have guns you can take away our land and our possessions. You have sickness in your heads, for this is not justice

The author of this source is Mojimba, African chief. It refers to the European people that fights them and massacred their family. White men: long range, machine guns, organized "Long sticks spat fire" African villagers: knows the place well "fled into the forest and flung ourselves on the ground"
 * Who is the author of this source? What does it refer to?
 * Describe the strength of the sides in this battle using evidence from the text.

The chief believed that the British people are totally wicked and cruel. He believed the British are animals because he couldn't believe human beings could done such things to them, massacring and burning their home.
 * What is the chief's opinion of the British?

**Source: German military officer, account of the 1905 Maji Maji Rebellion in German East Africa, German military weekly newspaper, 1906**.
 * Document 7:**

The chiefs spread it among their people that a spirit, living in the form of a snake, had given a magic medicine to a medicine man. The medicine guaranteed a good harvest, so that in future people would no more need to perform wage labor for foreigners in order to obtain accustomed luxuries. The medicine would also give invulnerability, acting in such a way that enemy bullets would fall from their targets like raindrops from a greased body. It would strengthen women and children for the flight customary in wartime, with the associated hardships and privations, and protect them from being seized by the victorious attackers, who were accustomed to taking women and children with them as war prizes. The medicine consisted of water, maize, and sorghum grains. The water was applied by pouring it over the head and by drinking.

The message that the German military officer tried to send about East Africans was that they are so primitive, they were in the form of super starving and pitiful, the African people still struggled for daily life and food. "The medicine consisted of water, maize and sorghum grains". Those are the basic conditions to be survive but it seems the African people not even have the basic conditions.
 * What is the message the German military officer was trying to send about the East Africans? Give evidence from the document to support your claim

I think it is because he wanted show the world that African people are primitive, they went there was because they have the duty to civilize them and bring them out of primitive. What they did it's a favor to African people that's what he tried send to people.
 * Why do you think the Africans??? made such claims?

**Document 8**:

Smithsonian Institution sponsored African expedition for Theodore Roosevelt, 1909-1910. Photo was used as an illustration in Theodore Roosevelt's book, "African Game Trails" published in 1910.



The person is holding a gun, he's a hunter. The object is a dead elephant. The purpose of the photograph is to attract rich people to Africa to hunt or play. It implicated that African had many resources, include big animals, people could come to Africa to make money from hunting animals that no one will ever stop you. An opportunity of free hunting big animals and animal business.
 * Describe the person and objects in this photo.
 * What is the purpose of the photograph?
 * What economic or social implications does this photo indicate about Africa in 1909?

**Document 9**:



Fabrics, soap and candles, waterproof clothes, tires, electrical insulation, handles, piano keys, billiard balls, cosmtic drugs, coins, metal alloys, electrical wiring, rust protection, fuel, banking, jewelry, rope and twine industries are benefited from African resources. I think the Great Britain have the most valuable colonies because the resources in their colonies could be a huge help for their industrialization. The primary reason for European imperialism is the natural resources that could faster the pace of industrialization in Europe, this document list all the resources the European countries got from Africa and how the resources help in their countries. That just explained the reason why they are in Africa.
 * What European industries benefited from African resources?
 * Which European country do you feel had the most valuable colonies? Why?
 * How could this document be used to explain the primary reason for European imperialism in Africa?
 * Document 10 ** :

"Colonialism’s greatest misdeed was to have tried to strip us of our responsibility in conducting our own affairs and convince us that our civilization was nothing less than savagery, thus giving us complexes which led to our being branded as irresponsible and lacking in self-confidence. . . The colonial powers had assimilated each of their colonies into their own economy.  Our continent possesses tremendous reserves of raw material and they, together with its potential sources of power, give it excellent conditions for industrialization. . ." Sekou Toure, West African nationalist, 1962

In 1962, Uganda had gained independence from the Great Britain. They tried to fight for the freedoms and they were success.
 * In 1962, what was the response of this West African nationalist to years of colonialism?

Writing Piece: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1w6gDZtk5swboXiBb74pKiFIlDgD3slMqcgJtabgDzzE/edit?usp=sharing